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Chromium vs Thallium

Chromium
Thallium
Thallium vs Chromium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr  
Tl  
Group Number
6  
12
13  
5
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440473  
39
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
13
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C  
14
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
8.50  
1
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa  
18
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa  
17
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s  
8
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.97  
2
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.66  
17
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.56  
11
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.66  
19
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.65  
22
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.34  
36
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
24  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
24  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
24  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Vanadium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Manganese
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)  
4
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPa  
7
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
26
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)  
1
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa  
9
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa  
8
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.21  
33
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.19  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
10
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K  
17
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,907.00 K  
24
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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