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Thallium vs Chromium

Thallium
Chromium
Chromium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Cr   
Group Number
13   
5
6   
12
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440473   
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Discovery
In 1861   
In Between 1797 - 1798   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
1.5 * 10-3 %   
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.002 %   
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.30 %   
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3   
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.33 p.p.m.   
21
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,857.00 °C   
14
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,672.00 °C   
39
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
8.50   
1
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
687.00 MPa   
16
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,060.00 MPa   
10
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
5,940.00 m/s   
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Cr   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
21   
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.66   
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.66   
14
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.56   
10
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.34   
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
1
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
1
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
1
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
1
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
7th Energy level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
1
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,130.00 kJ/mol   
12
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
28,750.00 kJ/mol   
13
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,230.00 kJ/mol   
10
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,066.00 kJ/mol   
12
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,510.00 kJ/mol   
1
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,800.00 kJ/mol   
2
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
114,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
125,300.00 kJ/mol   
4
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,700.00 kJ/mol   
5
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
144,300.00 kJ/mol   
7
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
157,700.00 kJ/mol   
7
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
166,090.00 kJ/mol   
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.32 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.50 eV   
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
24   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ar] 3d5 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
24   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
24   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
139.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
52.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
7.23 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
170.00 (-eV)   
4
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
291.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
7.19 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
6.30 g/cm3   
40
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
689.00 MPa   
7
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
774.00 (Pa)   
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
115.00 GPa   
9
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
279.00 GPa   
8
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.21   
32
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
7.19   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Antiferromagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
NA   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
125.00 nΩ·m   
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.08 106/cm Ω   
25
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
64.30 kJ/mol   
15
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.45 J/(kg K)   
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
23.35 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
93.90 W/m·K   
17
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
4.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
348.80 kJ/mol   
24
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
15.31 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
397.50 kJ/mol   
21
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
23.80 J/mol.K   
99+
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