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Thallium Chromium Comparison

Thallium
Chromium
Chromium Thallium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Cr  
Group Number
13  
5
6  
12
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440473  
39
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
  • Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1861  
In Between 1797 - 1798  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
8
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
7
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.30 %  
7
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
13
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
  • It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3  
12
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.33 p.p.m.  
25
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,857.00 °C  
14
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
2,672.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
8.50  
1
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
687.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
1,060.00 MPa  
17
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
5,940.00 m/s  
8
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.97  
2
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Cr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
21  
18
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.66  
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.66  
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.56  
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.66  
19
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.34  
36
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
1
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
1
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
1
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
1
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
1
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
1
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,130.00 kJ/mol  
12
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28,750.00 kJ/mol  
36
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,230.00 kJ/mol  
10
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
37,066.00 kJ/mol  
12
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
97,510.00 kJ/mol  
2
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
105,800.00 kJ/mol  
2
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
114,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
125,300.00 kJ/mol  
4
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
134,700.00 kJ/mol  
5
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
144,300.00 kJ/mol  
7
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
157,700.00 kJ/mol  
7
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
166,090.00 kJ/mol  
6
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
32
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
34
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
33
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
652.90 kJ/mol  
34
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
39
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
40
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
653.80 kJ/mol  
36
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
0.32 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
24  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Ar] 3d5 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
24  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
28  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
24  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
128.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
52.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
7.23 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Vanadium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Manganese
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
170.00 (-eV)  
4
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
291.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
7.19 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
6.30 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
689.00 MPa  
7
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
774.00 (Pa)  
1
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
115.00 GPa  
9
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
160.00 GPa  
11
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
279.00 GPa  
8
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.21  
33
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
7.19  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Antiferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
10
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
125.00 nΩ·m  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.08 106/cm Ω  
30
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
64.30 kJ/mol  
17
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.45 J/(kg K)  
12
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
23.35 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
93.90 W/m·K  
17
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,907.00 K  
24
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
4.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
348.80 kJ/mol  
35
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
15.31 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
397.50 kJ/mol  
27
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
23.80 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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