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Thallium vs Iridium

Thallium
Iridium
Iridium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Ir  
Group Number
13  
5
9  
9
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7439885  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Iridium element occurs as natural alloys of Platinum and Osmium.
  • Iridium element is known as the most corrosion resistance metal .
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Smithson Tennant  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
29
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Iridium has an anti corrosion properties and it is used in special alloy with Osmium metal and that alloy is used in pen tips and compass bearings.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
2,410.00 °C  
7
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
4,527.00 °C  
10
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
1,670.00 MPa  
5
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
1,760.00 MPa  
8
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
4,825.00 m/s  
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
78.00 %  
8
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Ir  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.68  
20
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
9
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
880.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
8
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
25
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
23
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
40
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
15
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
88,000.00 kJ/mol  
8
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
88,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
26
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
15
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
24
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
14
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
37
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
12
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
8,800.00 kJ/mol  
7
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
8
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
6
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
6
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
5
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
8
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
9
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
880.00 kJ/mol  
6
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.14 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.55 eV  
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
77  
39
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Iridium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
74  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
110  
28
Number of Electrons
81  
35
74  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
136.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
141.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
192.22 amu  
34
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
9.53 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Osmium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Platinum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
140.00 (-eV)  
5
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
383.90 pm  
29
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.58  
35
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
22.56 g/cm3  
10
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
19.00 g/cm3  
13
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
2,000.00 MPa  
2
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
21
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
210.00 GPa  
2
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
320.00 GPa  
3
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
528.00 GPa  
1
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.26  
22
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
21.78  
12
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
5
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
47.10 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.19 106/cm Ω  
10
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
151.00 kJ/mol  
4
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
25.10 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
147.00 W/m·K  
10
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
2,719.00 K  
8
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
799.10 kJ/mol  
1
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
35.23 kJ/mol  
1
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
837.00 kJ/mol  
1
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
35.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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