Lead vs Cobalt
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Co
Group Number
14
4
9
9
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440484
38
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.70
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
26
99+
Number of Electrons
82
34
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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