Symbol
Co
  
In
  
Period Number
4
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
I4/mmm
  
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Mining, Ores of metals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
  
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
  
Discovery
In 1732
  
In 1863
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
-
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
  
18
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.
  
27
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C
  
29
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C
  
34
2,000.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa
  
11
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s
  
14
1,215.00 m/s
  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
Yes
  
No
  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Co
  
In
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol
  
19
558.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol
  
31
1,820.70 kJ/mol
  
18
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol
  
22
2,704.00 kJ/mol
  
39
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol
  
19
5,210.00 kJ/mol
  
17
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol
  
13
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol
  
11
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol
  
13
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.43 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Tetragonal (TETR)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
  
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol
  
99+
15.70 cm3/mol
  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)
  
10
54.00 (-eV)
  
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3
  
99+
7.31 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
  
99+
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.12 106/cm Ω
  
17
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol
  
37
28.90 kJ/mol
  
31
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)
  
9
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
26.74 J/mol·K
  
25
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K
  
99+
81.80 W/m·K
  
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
32.10 µm/(m·K)
  
9
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
226.40 kJ/mol
  
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
3.28 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
242.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+
57.80 J/mol.K
  
22