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Lead vs Gold

Lead
Gold
Gold vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Au  
Group Number
14  
4
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
-  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.02  
14
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
5.00 %  
39
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
14
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
12
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
11
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
28
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
82  
34
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
118  
24
Number of Electrons
82  
34
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
21
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
34
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
18
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.51  
99+
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
35
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
36
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
29
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
38
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
39
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
600.61 K  
99+
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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