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Lead vs Gold

Lead
Gold
Gold vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb   
Au   
Group Number
14   
4
11   
7
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7439921   
99+
7440575   
31
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)   
Before 6000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %   
18
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
8
0.00 %   
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3   
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.   
10
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C   
99+
1,064.43 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C   
99+
2,807.00 °C   
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Gold   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa   
99+
194.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
216.00 MPa   
31
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s   
99+
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
95.00 %   
2
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb   
Au   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
36   
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87   
13
2.54   
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29   
4
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55   
11
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41   
2
1.87   
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.85   
8
1.92   
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67   
99+
1.46   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol   
31
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol   
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol   
35
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol   
20
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr   
9
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV   
21
5.10 eV   
4
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82   
34
79   
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82   
34
79   
37
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
118   
23
Number of Electrons
82   
34
79   
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm   
19
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm   
27
166.00 pm   
39
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu   
30
196.97 amu   
33
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol   
27
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)   
99+
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm   
16
407.82 pm   
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.61   
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3   
33
19.30 g/cm3   
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3   
15
17.31 g/cm3   
6
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa   
20
120.00 MPa   
15
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)   
7
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa   
99+
27.00 GPa   
27
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa   
24
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.44   
3
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35   
25
19.32   
8
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m   
16
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω   
36
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol   
28
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K   
26
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K   
38
318.00 W/m·K   
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)   
13
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol   
99+
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol   
99+
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol   
99+
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K   
17
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
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