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Lead vs Gold

Lead
Gold
Gold vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Au  
Group Number
14  
4
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
6 * 10-8 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %  
18
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.02 p.p.m.  
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
2,807.00 °C  
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
18
2.50  
14
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
216.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
13
2.54  
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
11
1.42  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
1.87  
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
8
1.92  
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
Not Available  
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
35
Not Available  
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
20
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
2.45 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
21
5.10 eV  
4
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82  
34
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
125  
19
118  
23
Number of Electrons
82  
34
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
19
151.00 pm  
32
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
144.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
27
166.00 pm  
39
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
27
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
16
407.82 pm  
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.61  
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
33
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
15
17.31 g/cm3  
6
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
20
120.00 MPa  
15
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
24
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
25
19.32  
8
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
36
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
28
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
26
25.42 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
38
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
12.55 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
364.00 kJ/mol  
25
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
17
47.40 J/mol.K  
32
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