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Gold vs Polonium

Gold
Polonium
Polonium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Po  
Group Number
11  
7
16  
2
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
125  
20
Number of Electrons
79  
37
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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