Gold vs Polonium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Po
Group Number
11
7
16
2
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440086
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Pm-3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
221.00
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1898
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
254.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
962.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Po
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
29
10
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
2.00
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.76
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
2.48
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
2.19
2
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.00
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
812.10 kJ/mol
14
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
84
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Monoclinic (MON)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
84
32
Number of Neutrons
118
23
125
19
Number of Electrons
79
37
84
32
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
168.00 pm
23
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
140.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
197.00 pm
29
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
209.00 amu
28
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
22.23 cm3/mol
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Not Available
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
335.90 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
9.20 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
9.40 g/cm3
19
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
Not Available
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Nonmagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
183.30 kJ/mol
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
26.40 J/mol·K
28
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
20.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
13.00 kJ/mol
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
Not Available
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