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Gold vs Polonium

Gold
Polonium
Polonium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Po   
Group Number
11   
7
16   
2
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440086   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
Pm-3m   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
221.00   
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1898   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
254.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
962.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-polonium   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-polonium   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Po   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
2.00   
7
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.76   
2
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
2.48   
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
2.19   
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.00   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
84   
32
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Monoclinic (MON)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
84   
32
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
125   
19
Number of Electrons
79   
37
84   
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
168.00 pm   
23
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
140.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
197.00 pm   
29
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
209.00 amu   
28
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
335.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
9.40 g/cm3   
19
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Nonmagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
Not Available   
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