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Polonium vs Gold

Polonium
Gold
Gold vs Polonium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po   
Au   
Group Number
16   
2
11   
7
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440086   
99+
7440575   
31
Space Group Name
Pm-3m   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
221.00   
3
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals   
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1898   
Before 6000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C   
99+
1,064.43 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C   
99+
2,807.00 °C   
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gold   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
194.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
216.00 MPa   
31
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
95.00 %   
2
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-polonium   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-polonium   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po   
Au   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29   
10
36   
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00   
7
2.54   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76   
2
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48   
1
1.87   
7
Allen Electronegativity
2.19   
2
1.92   
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00   
99+
1.46   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol   
14
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
2nd Energy Level
Not Available   
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr   
8
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.10 eV   
4
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84   
32
79   
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84   
32
79   
37
Number of Neutrons
125   
19
118   
23
Number of Electrons
84   
32
79   
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm   
23
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm   
99+
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm   
29
166.00 pm   
39
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu   
28
196.97 amu   
33
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol   
13
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available   
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm   
99+
407.82 pm   
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.61   
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3   
99+
19.30 g/cm3   
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3   
19
17.31 g/cm3   
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
120.00 MPa   
15
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
27.00 GPa   
27
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
19.32   
8
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m   
99+
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol   
3
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K   
28
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K   
99+
318.00 W/m·K   
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)   
16
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol   
99+
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol   
26
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol   
99+
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
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