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Polonium Gold Comparison

Polonium
Gold
Gold Polonium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Po  
Au  
Group Number
16  
2
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440086  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
Pm-3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
221.00  
4
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
-  
Discovery
In 1898  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
254.00 °C  
99+
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C  
99+
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gold  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
70.00 MPa  
99+
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
30.00 MPa  
99+
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.70  
3
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
50.00 %  
31
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-polonium  
-  
β Allotropes
β-polonium  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Po  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00  
8
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.00  
10
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76  
3
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48  
1
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
2.19  
2
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV  
19
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
84  
32
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
84  
32
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
125  
20
118  
24
Number of Electrons
84  
32
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm  
25
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm  
36
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu  
28
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Bismuth
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Francium
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.46  
99+
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
26
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
24.00 GPa  
40
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
28
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.23  
30
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32  
99+
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
527.00 K  
99+
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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