Polonium Gold Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Po
Au
Group Number
16
2
11
7
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440086
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
Pm-3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
221.00
3
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Unknown
Discovery
In 1898
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
254.00 °C
99+
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
962.00 °C
99+
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gold
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
Not Available
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-polonium
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-polonium
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Po
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.00
7
2.54
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.76
2
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.48
1
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
2.19
2
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00
99+
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol
14
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
Not Available
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr
8
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
Not Available
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
84
32
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
84
32
79
37
Number of Neutrons
125
19
118
23
Number of Electrons
84
32
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
168.00 pm
23
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
140.00 pm
99+
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm
29
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
209.00 amu
28
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol
13
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
Not Available
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
335.90 pm
99+
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm3
99+
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm3
19
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
Not Available
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m
99+
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol
3
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K
28
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K
99+
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)
16
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol
99+
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol
26
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol
99+
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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