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Gold vs Thallium

Gold
Thallium
Thallium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au   
Tl   
Group Number
11   
7
13   
5
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440575   
31
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown   
William Crookes   
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %   
26
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
18
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C   
99+
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C   
36
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gold   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa   
99+
26.50 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa   
31
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
95.00 %   
2
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36   
3
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54   
1
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87   
7
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.92   
5
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46   
99+
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
Not Available   
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV   
4
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79   
37
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79   
37
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
118   
23
123   
20
Number of Electrons
79   
37
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm   
32
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm   
40
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm   
39
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu   
33
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm   
21
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3   
15
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3   
6
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa   
27
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40   
4
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32   
8
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K   
3
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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