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Thallium vs Gold

Thallium
Gold
Gold vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Au   
Group Number
13   
5
11   
7
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440575   
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1861   
Before 6000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
6 * 10-8 %   
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.02 p.p.m.   
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,064.43 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,807.00 °C   
36
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gold   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
194.00 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
216.00 MPa   
31
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
2,030.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
95.00 %   
2
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Au   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
36   
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.54   
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.42   
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.87   
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.92   
5
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.46   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
890.10 kJ/mol   
8
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
12
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
2.45 g/amp-hr   
21
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
5.10 eV   
4
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
79   
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
79   
37
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
118   
23
Number of Electrons
81   
35
79   
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
166.00 pm   
39
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
196.97 amu   
33
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
10.20 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
407.82 pm   
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.61   
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
19.30 g/cm3   
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
17.31 g/cm3   
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
120.00 MPa   
15
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
67.00 (Pa)   
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
27.00 GPa   
27
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
19.32   
8
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
2.20 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.45 106/cm Ω   
3
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
25.42 J/mol·K   
40
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
318.00 W/m·K   
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
14.20 µm/(m·K)   
26
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
324.40 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
12.55 kJ/mol   
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
364.00 kJ/mol   
25
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
47.40 J/mol.K   
32
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