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Thallium vs Gold

Thallium
Gold
Gold vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Au  
Group Number
13  
5
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gold  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
118  
24
Number of Electrons
81  
35
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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