Thallium vs Gold
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Au
Group Number
13
5
11
7
Period Number
6
6
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440575
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Unknown
Discovery
In 1861
Before 6000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
6 * 10-8 %
26
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
0.02 p.p.m.
30
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
1,064.43 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
2,807.00 °C
36
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gold
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
194.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
216.00 MPa
31
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
2,030.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
95.00 %
2
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Au
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
36
3
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
2.54
1
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.42
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
1.87
7
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
1.92
5
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
1.46
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
890.10 kJ/mol
8
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
5.10 eV
4
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
79
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
79
37
Number of Neutrons
123
20
118
23
Number of Electrons
81
35
79
37
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
151.00 pm
32
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
144.00 pm
40
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
166.00 pm
39
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
196.97 amu
33
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
43.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
407.82 pm
21
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
1.61
4
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
19.30 g/cm3
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
17.31 g/cm3
6
Tensile Strength
Not Available
120.00 MPa
15
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
0.00 (Pa)
23
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
67.00 (Pa)
4
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
27.00 GPa
27
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
19.32
8
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
222.80 kJ/mol
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
25.42 J/mol·K
40
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
318.00 W/m·K
3
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
324.40 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
12.55 kJ/mol
27
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
364.00 kJ/mol
25
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
47.40 J/mol.K
32
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