Gold Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Au
Tl
Group Number
11
7
13
5
Period Number
6
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440575
31
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
225.00
2
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
- It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
- Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
William Crookes
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-8 %
26
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
18
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
- It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
30
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C
99+
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C
36
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gold
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa
99+
26.50 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa
31
Not Available
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s
99+
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
95.00 %
2
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Au
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
36
3
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54
1
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42
18
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87
7
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.92
5
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46
99+
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol
8
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
12
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
Not Available
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr
21
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV
4
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
79
37
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
79
37
81
35
Number of Neutrons
118
23
123
20
Number of Electrons
79
37
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm
32
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm
40
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm
39
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu
33
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol
99+
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
99+
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm
21
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61
4
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3
15
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3
6
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa
15
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
23
16.90 (Pa)
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)
4
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa
27
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
19.32
8
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m
99+
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω
3
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol
1
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K
40
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K
3
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)
26
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol
27
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol
27
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol
25
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K
32
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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