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Lead vs Nickel

Lead
Nickel
Nickel vs Lead


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb  
Ni  
Group Number
14  
4
10  
8
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439921  
99+
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
225.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Unknown  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %  
16
6 * 10-3 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %  
18
~0.008 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
23
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
26
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
0.70 p.p.m.  
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C  
99+
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
18
4.00  
10
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
638.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available  
72.00 %  
9
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35  
4
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87  
13
1.91  
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29  
4
1.94  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55  
11
1.75  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41  
2
Not Available  
Allen Electronegativity
1.85  
8
1.88  
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67  
99+
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
25
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
20
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
7th Energy level
Not Available  
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available  
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available  
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available  
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available  
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available  
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available  
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available  
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available  
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available  
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available  
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available  
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV  
21
5.15 eV  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82  
34
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
82  
34
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
125  
19
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
82  
34
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm  
19
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm  
27
163.00 pm  
40
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu  
30
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol  
27
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Thallium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Bismuth
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm  
16
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3  
33
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3  
15
7.81 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa  
20
345.00 MPa  
11
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)  
7
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa  
99+
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa  
24
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa  
99+
200.00 GPa  
11
Poisson Ratio
0.44  
3
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.35  
25
8.90  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
Not Available  
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
Not Available  
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
36
0.14 106/cm Ω  
13
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol  
28
112.00 kJ/mol  
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
39
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K  
26
26.07 J/mol·K  
31
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K  
38
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
422.60 kJ/mol  
17
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K  
17
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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