Nickel vs Lead
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni
Pb
Group Number
10
8
14
4
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440020
99+
7439921
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Unknown
Discovery
In 1751
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %
4
1 * 10-6 %
16
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %
3
~0.000001 %
18
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %
3
0.00 %
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
15
0.00 %
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
13
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
14
0.00 %
8
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
18
30.00 p.p.m.
10
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C
31
327.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C
38
1,740.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.00
10
1.50
18
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa
18
38.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa
16
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s
12
1,190.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
72.00 %
9
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni
Pb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
35
4
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91
10
1.87
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94
10
2.29
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75
3
1.55
11
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
2.41
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.88
6
1.85
8
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09
99+
1.67
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol
25
715.60 kJ/mol
31
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
Not Available
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV
2
4.25 eV
21
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28
99+
82
34
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
28
99+
82
34
Number of Neutrons
31
99+
125
19
Number of Electrons
28
99+
82
34
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm
99+
175.00 pm
19
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm
99+
146.00 pm
38
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm
40
202.00 pm
27
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu
99+
207.20 amu
30
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
18.17 cm3/mol
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)
99+
24.20 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm
99+
495.08 pm
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3
99+
11.34 g/cm3
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3
29
10.66 g/cm3
15
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa
11
12.00 MPa
20
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
31
1.64 (Pa)
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)
6
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa
12
5.60 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa
9
46.00 GPa
24
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa
11
16.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31
13
0.44
3
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.90
33
11.35
25
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m
2
Not Available
Susceptibility
600.00
2
Not Available
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m
39
208.00 nΩ·m
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol
6
35.10 kJ/mol
28
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K
31
26.65 J/mol·K
26
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K
18
35.30 W/m·K
38
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol
20
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
14
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol
17
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
64.80 J/mol.K
17
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