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Lithium vs Thorium

Lithium
Thorium
Thorium vs Lithium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Li   
Th   
Group Number
1   
17
0   
18
Period Number
2   
7   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7439932   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Heat capacity of Lithium is very high.
  • Lithium inflammable and highly explosive metal, hence it has to be stored properly.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan August Arfwedson   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1817   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-7 %   
18
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00017 %   
11
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
22
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • The main usage of Lithium is manufacturing rechargeable batteries for electronic equipment and gadgets.
  • it is also used in manufacturing non-rechargeable batteries.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
27
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
1.30 p.p.m.   
17
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
180.54 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
1,347.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.60   
21
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
5.00 MPa   
99+
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
6,000.00 m/s   
3
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Li   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
8   
30
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.98   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89   
26
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97   
38
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.97   
19
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.91   
99+
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.02   
8
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.20 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
7,298.10 kJ/mol   
3
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.00 kJ/mol   
4
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
2.90 eV   
37
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
3   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
3   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
4   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
3   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
152.00 pm   
31
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
128.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
182.00 pm   
35
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
6.94 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
No Previous Element   
Actinium
  
Next Element
Beryllium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
19.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
351.00 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.53 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.51 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
109.00 (Pa)   
2
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
4.20 GPa   
99+
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
11.00 GPa   
99+
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
4.90 GPa   
99+
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.53   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
92.80 nΩ·m   
33
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω   
19
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
59.60 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
3.60 J/(kg K)   
1
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.86 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
84.80 W/m·K   
20
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
3,223.00 K   
1
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
46.00 µm/(m·K)   
7
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
134.70 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
3.00 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
160.70 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
29.10 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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