Manganese vs Cobalt
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn
Co
Group Number
7
11
9
9
Period Number
4
4
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439965
99+
7440484
38
Space Group Name
I_ 43m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
217.00
4
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
- Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn
Georg Brandt
Discovery
In 1774
In 1732
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
8 * 10-4 %
8
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.001 %
8
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %
8
0.06 %
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %
8
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
13
0.00 %
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
13
0.00 %
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
- Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
14
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.
8
0.04 p.p.m.
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C
37
1,495.00 °C
29
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C
99+
2,870.00 °C
34
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
5.00
8
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa
99+
470.00 MPa
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,043.00 MPa
11
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s
7
4,720.00 m/s
14
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
67.00 %
11
Allotropes
No
Yes
α Allotropes
Not Available
α-Cobalt
β Allotropes
Not Available
β-Cobalt
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mn
Co
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
21
18
26
13
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55
25
1.88
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
7
2.56
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60
9
1.70
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.75
15
1.84
10
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45
29
2.12
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol
30
760.40 kJ/mol
19
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol
39
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol
21
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol
20
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol
17
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol
16
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol
16
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol
5
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol
6
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol
9
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol
10
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol
10
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol
11
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol
10
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol
13
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol
1
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol
2
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol
3
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol
4
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol
6
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol
6
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol
5
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol
5
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV
25
5.00 eV
5
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
25
99+
22
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
25
99+
22
99+
Number of Neutrons
30
99+
26
99+
Number of Electrons
25
99+
22
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm
99+
147.00 pm
34
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu
99+
47.87 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol
99+
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)
2
95.20 (-eV)
10
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm
1
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3
99+
4.51 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3
99+
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
434.00 MPa
9
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
12
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.98 (Pa)
14
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
44.00 GPa
17
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa
14
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa
12
116.00 GPa
18
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.32
12
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.21
99+
4,500.00
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m
99+
420.00 nΩ·m
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)
11
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K
99+
21.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)
21
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol
23
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol
38
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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