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Manganese vs Hafnium

Manganese
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Manganese


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn  
Hf  
Group Number
7  
11
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439965  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
I_ 43m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
217.00  
5
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
  • Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1774  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %  
8
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %  
8
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
  • Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
14
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.  
8
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C  
37
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s  
11
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mn  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55  
26
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60  
10
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.55  
23
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.75  
18
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45  
29
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
30
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol  
40
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol  
21
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol  
30
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol  
16
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol  
6
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol  
10
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol  
1
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol  
6
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol  
5
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol  
5
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
24
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV  
32
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
25  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
25  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
25  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Chromium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Iron
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)  
2
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm  
1
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
370.00 MPa  
11
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
40.00 GPa  
19
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa  
14
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa  
13
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.21  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
12
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)  
11
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,519.00 K  
40
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)  
22
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol  
25
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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