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Manganese vs Niobium

Manganese
Niobium
Niobium vs Manganese


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn  
Nb  
Group Number
7  
11
5  
13
Period Number
4  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7439965  
99+
7440031  
99+
Space Group Name
I_ 43m  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
217.00  
5
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
  • Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn  
Charles Hatchett  
Discovery
In 1774  
In 1801  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %  
8
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %  
8
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
  • Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
14
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.  
8
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C  
37
2,468.00 °C  
6
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C  
99+
2,468.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
735.00 MPa  
15
Vickers Hardness
196.00 MPa  
99+
870.00 MPa  
19
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s  
11
3,480.00 m/s  
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.30  
8
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mn  
Nb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
21  
18
17  
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55  
26
1.60  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.42  
20
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60  
10
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.55  
23
1.60  
22
Allen Electronegativity
1.75  
18
1.41  
35
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45  
29
2.40  
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
30
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol  
40
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol  
21
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol  
30
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol  
29
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol  
22
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol  
16
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol  
5
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol  
10
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol  
10
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol  
1
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol  
2
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol  
4
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol  
6
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol  
5
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol  
5
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
25th Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol  
24
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV  
32
4.30 eV  
25
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
25  
99+
41  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2  
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
25  
99+
41  
99+
Number of Neutrons
30  
99+
52  
99+
Number of Electrons
25  
99+
41  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
37
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
164.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu  
99+
92.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol  
99+
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Chromium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Iron
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)  
2
104.00 (-eV)  
8
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm  
1
330.04 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.47  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3  
99+
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
370.00 MPa  
11
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
12
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
40.00 GPa  
19
38.00 GPa  
20
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa  
14
170.00 GPa  
10
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa  
13
105.00 GPa  
22
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.21  
99+
8.57  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
4
Susceptibility
0.00  
12
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m  
99+
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)  
11
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K  
99+
53.70 W/m·K  
29
Critical Temperature
1,519.00 K  
40
2,750.00 K  
7
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)  
22
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol  
99+
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol  
25
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol  
99+
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K  
99+
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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