Manganese vs Niobium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mn
Nb
Group Number
7
11
5
13
Period Number
4
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7439965
99+
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
I_ 43m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
217.00
4
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Manganese is an essential trace element in all forms of life.
- Manganese metal oxidizes very easily, but it does not fuse that easily.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johann Gottlieb Gahn
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1774
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
8 * 10-4 %
8
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.001 %
8
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.27 %
8
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.11 %
8
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
13
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
13
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- This metal is very brittle hence it mostly not used as a pure metal, but its alloys are very useful
- Its alloy Manganese steel is extremely strong and used in railway tracks, safes, prison bars and riffle barrels.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
14
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
100.00 p.p.m.
8
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,245.00 °C
37
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
1,962.00 °C
99+
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
196.00 MPa
99+
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
5,150.00 m/s
7
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mn
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
21
18
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.55
25
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20
7
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.60
9
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.75
15
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.45
29
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
717.30 kJ/mol
30
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,509.00 kJ/mol
39
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,248.00 kJ/mol
21
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,940.00 kJ/mol
20
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
6,990.00 kJ/mol
17
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
9,220.00 kJ/mol
16
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
11,500.00 kJ/mol
16
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
8th Energy Level
18,770.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
9th Energy Level
21,400.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
10th Energy Level
23,960.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
11th Energy Level
27,590.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
12th Energy Level
30,330.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
13th Energy Level
33,150.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
14th Energy Level
38,880.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
15th Energy Level
41,987.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
16th Energy Level
109,480.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
17th Energy Level
118,100.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
18th Energy Level
127,100.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
19th Energy Level
138,600.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
20th Energy Level
148,500.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
21st Energy Level
158,600.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
172,500.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
181,380.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.29 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.10 eV
25
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
25
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
25
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
30
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
25
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
127.00 pm
99+
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm
99+
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
54.94 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
1.39 cm3/mol
99+
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
220.00 (-eV)
2
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
891.25 pm
1
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.21 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.95 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
12
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
120.00 GPa
14
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
198.00 GPa
12
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.21
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.44 nΩ·m
99+
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.48 J/(kg K)
11
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
7.81 W/m·K
99+
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
21.70 µm/(m·K)
21
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
219.70 kJ/mol
99+
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.64 kJ/mol
23
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
280.30 kJ/mol
38
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
32.00 J/mol.K
99+
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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