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Mercury
Mercury

Polonium
Polonium



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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Hg
Po
1.2 Group Number
1216
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
66
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
d block
p block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-​Transition
1.6 CAS Number
74399767440086
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
R_ 3m
Pm-3m
1.8 Space Group Number
166.00221.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
  • A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
  • Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
2.3.2 Discovery
Before 2000 BCE
In 1898
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
NANA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
NANA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.05 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
NA0.00 %
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
  • It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.45 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
NA254.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
356.58 °C962.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Liquid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silver
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
NA
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
NANA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,451.40 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
1.00NA
Palladium
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
73.00 %NA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
α-polonium
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
β-polonium
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Hg
Po
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3429
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
2.002.00
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.76
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.812.48
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.442.19
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.002.00
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
1,007.10 kJ/mol812.10 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,810.00 kJ/molNA
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
NANA
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.74 g/amp-hr3.90 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.49 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
8084
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
6.3 Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Monoclinic (MON)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
8084
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
121125
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
8084
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm168.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
132.00 pm140.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
155.00 pm197.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
200.59 amu209.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
14.82 cm3/mol22.23 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
28.20 (-eV)NA
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
300.50 pm335.90 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
NA
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
13.53 g/cm39.20 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NA9.40 g/cm3
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
0.00NA
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
NANA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
NANA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
NANA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.539.32
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Nonmagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
961.00 nΩ·m0.40 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol183.30 kJ/mol
Palladium
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
27.98 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
8.30 W/m·K20.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
1,750.00 KNA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
60.40 µm/(m·K)23.50 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
56.90 kJ/mol60.30 kJ/mol
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.29 kJ/mol13.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
61.50 kJ/mol134.00 kJ/mol
Sodium
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
75.80 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1