Molybdenum Calcium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo
Ca
Group Number
6
12
2
16
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7439987
99+
7440702
21
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1778
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %
19
7 * 10-3 %
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %
19
~0.007 %
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
24
1.10 %
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
39
5.00 %
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
9
0.00 %
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
14
1.40 %
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
31
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
18
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C
5
839.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C
9
1,484.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.50
7
1.75
17
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa
7
170.00 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa
6
Not Available
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s
6
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
58.00 %
15
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Mo
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16
5
1.00
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15
19
0.95
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30
24
1.04
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.08
17
Allen Electronegativity
2.16
3
1.03
39
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84
99+
3.00
9
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol
37
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol
37
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol
26
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol
32
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol
22
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol
13
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol
16
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol
16
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol
18
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol
17
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol
15
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol
13
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol
13
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol
7
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol
8
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol
9
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol
9
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV
12
2.87 eV
38
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
42
99+
20
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
42
99+
20
99+
Number of Neutrons
54
99+
20
99+
Number of Electrons
42
99+
20
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm
39
197.00 pm
6
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm
32
176.00 pm
22
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
231.00 pm
19
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu
99+
40.08 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol
99+
29.90 cm3/mol
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)
13
29.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm
99+
558.84 pm
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3
36
1.55 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3
20
1.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa
13
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
25.50 (Pa)
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
26
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa
8
7.40 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa
6
17.00 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa
6
20.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31
13
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
10.22
27
4.58
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m
99+
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω
11
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol
14
2.37 kJ/mol
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)
21
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
99+
25.93 J/mol·K
34
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K
12
201.00 W/m·K
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol
8
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol
5
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol
7
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K
99+
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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