Symbol
Mo
  
Ca
  
Period Number
5
  
4
  
Block
d block
  
s block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Alkaline Earth
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
Fm_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
  
Humphry Davy
  
Discovery
In 1778
  
In 1808
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %
  
19
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
  
4
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.
  
18
170,000.00 p.p.m.
  
1
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa
  
7
170.00 MPa
  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa
  
6
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s
  
6
3,810.00 m/s
  
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Mo
  
Ca
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol
  
37
589.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol
  
37
1,145.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4,912.40 kJ/mol
  
7
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol
  
26
6,491.00 kJ/mol
  
7
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol
  
32
8,153.00 kJ/mol
  
7
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol
  
22
10,496.00 kJ/mol
  
8
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol
  
13
12,270.00 kJ/mol
  
12
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol
  
16
14,206.00 kJ/mol
  
15
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol
  
16
18,191.00 kJ/mol
  
12
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol
  
18
20,385.00 kJ/mol
  
16
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol
  
17
57,110.00 kJ/mol
  
3
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol
  
15
63,410.00 kJ/mol
  
3
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol
  
13
70,110.00 kJ/mol
  
3
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol
  
13
78,890.00 kJ/mol
  
4
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol
  
7
86,310.00 kJ/mol
  
5
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol
  
8
94,000.00 kJ/mol
  
6
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol
  
9
104,900.00 kJ/mol
  
7
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol
  
9
111,711.00 kJ/mol
  
8
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol
  
9
Not Available
  
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
  
[Ar] 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol
  
99+
29.90 cm3/mol
  
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)
  
13
29.00 (-eV)
  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3
  
36
1.55 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable
  
NA
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m
  
99+
33.60 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω
  
11
0.30 106/cm Ω
  
6
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol
  
14
2.37 kJ/mol
  
39
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)
  
21
0.63 J/(kg K)
  
7
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
25.93 J/mol·K
  
34
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K
  
12
201.00 W/m·K
  
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)
  
19
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol
  
8
150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol
  
5
8.54 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol
  
7
184.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K
  
99+
41.60 J/mol.K
  
36