Symbol
Ca
  
V
  
Period Number
4
  
4
  
Block
s block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
  
Andrés Manuel del Río
  
Discovery
In 1808
  
In 1801
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
  
4
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
36
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.
  
1
0.00 p.p.m.
  
31
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
  
13
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C
  
99+
3,380.00 °C
  
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Gray
  
Blue-Silver Grey
  
Luster
NA
  
Metallic
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa
  
99+
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s
  
19
4,560.00 m/s
  
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Ca
  
V
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol
  
99+
650.90 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,414.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol
  
7
2,830.00 kJ/mol
  
35
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol
  
7
4,507.00 kJ/mol
  
25
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol
  
7
6,298.70 kJ/mol
  
23
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol
  
8
12,363.00 kJ/mol
  
5
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol
  
12
14,530.00 kJ/mol
  
5
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol
  
15
16,730.00 kJ/mol
  
7
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol
  
12
19,860.00 kJ/mol
  
7
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol
  
16
22,240.00 kJ/mol
  
12
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol
  
3
24,670.00 kJ/mol
  
15
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol
  
3
29,730.00 kJ/mol
  
12
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol
  
3
32,446.00 kJ/mol
  
12
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol
  
4
86,450.00 kJ/mol
  
1
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol
  
5
94,170.00 kJ/mol
  
2
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol
  
6
102,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol
  
7
112,700.00 kJ/mol
  
4
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol
  
8
121,600.00 kJ/mol
  
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available
  
130,700.00 kJ/mol
  
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available
  
143,400.00 kJ/mol
  
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available
  
151,440.00 kJ/mol
  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr
  
99+
0.38 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2
  
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol
  
7
8.78 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)
  
99+
120.00 (-eV)
  
6
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3
  
99+
6.00 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3
  
99+
5.50 g/cm3
  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Superconductor
  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m
  
99+
197.00 nΩ·m
  
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω
  
6
0.05 106/cm Ω
  
35
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol
  
39
50.60 kJ/mol
  
20
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)
  
7
0.49 J/(kg K)
  
10
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K
  
34
24.89 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K
  
5
30.70 W/m·K
  
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)
  
19
8.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
458.60 kJ/mol
  
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol
  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol
  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
514.60 kJ/mol
  
13
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
  
36
28.90 J/mol.K
  
99+