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Calcium vs Lead

Calcium
Lead
Lead vs Calcium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ca  
Pb  
Group Number
2  
16
14  
4
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
s block  
p block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440702  
21
7439921  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
  • Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
  • The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
-  
Discovery
In 1808  
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
4
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %  
4
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %  
3
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
5
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %  
1
0.00 %  
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
  • It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3  
11
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
30.00 p.p.m.  
10
Physical
Melting Point
839.00 °C  
99+
327.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C  
99+
1,740.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.75  
18
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
38.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s  
26
1,190.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.02  
14
Reflectivity
60.00 %  
23
5.00 %  
39
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ca  
Pb  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.00  
99+
1.87  
14
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.95  
99+
2.29  
4
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.04  
35
1.55  
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.08  
99+
2.41  
2
Allen Electronegativity
1.03  
99+
1.85  
11
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.00  
9
1.67  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
31
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,450.50 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
3,081.50 kJ/mol  
23
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
4,083.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,640.00 kJ/mol  
32
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
36
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
32
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
30
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
34
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
7,156.00 kJ/mol  
33
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
28
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
24
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
71,500.00 kJ/mol  
19
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
715.60 kJ/mol  
40
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
7,150.00 kJ/mol  
30
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
37
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
31
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
25
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
24
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
23
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
29
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
715.60 kJ/mol  
30
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
715.00 kJ/mol  
24
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.87 g/amp-hr  
9
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV  
99+
4.25 eV  
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
20  
99+
82  
34
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
20  
99+
82  
34
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
125  
20
Number of Electrons
20  
99+
82  
34
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm  
8
175.00 pm  
21
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm  
24
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm  
23
202.00 pm  
34
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu  
99+
207.20 amu  
30
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
18.17 cm3/mol  
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Potassium
  
Thallium
  
Next Element
Scandium
  
Bismuth
  
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
24.20 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm  
10
495.08 pm  
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.55  
99+
1.51  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
11.34 g/cm3  
35
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
10.66 g/cm3  
36
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa  
99+
12.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
6
0.00  
29
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)  
3
1.64 (Pa)  
7
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa  
99+
5.60 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa  
99+
16.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.44  
3
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.58  
99+
11.35  
38
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
208.00 nΩ·m  
16
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
0.05 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
35.10 kJ/mol  
33
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
26.65 J/mol·K  
34
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K  
5
35.30 W/m·K  
39
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K  
99+
600.61 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
28.90 µm/(m·K)  
13
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
4.77 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
194.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
64.80 J/mol.K  
18
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