Lead vs Calcium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Pb
Ca
Group Number
14
4
2
16
Period Number
6
4
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7439921
99+
7440702
21
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00
2
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Galena mineral contains almost 87% of Lead metal in it, Galena is sulfide mineral.
- The best available source of Lead metal today is by recycling automobile batteries.
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Unknown
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In Middle Easterns (7000 BCE)
In 1808
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
7 * 10-3 %
3
Abundance In Sun
~0.000001 %
18
~0.007 %
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
23
1.10 %
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
26
5.00 %
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
8
1.40 %
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is also used in insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. But all these are banned by the government as Lead metal is known for detrimental to health.
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.21 Blood/mg dm-3
11
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3
4
In Bone
30.00 p.p.m.
10
170,000.00 p.p.m.
1
Physical Properties
Melting Point
327.50 °C
99+
839.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
1,740.00 °C
99+
1,484.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
1.75
17
Brinell Hardness
38.00 MPa
99+
170.00 MPa
99+
Speed of Sound
1,190.00 m/s
99+
3,810.00 m/s
19
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pb
Ca
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
35
4
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.87
13
1.00
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.29
4
0.95
24
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.55
11
1.04
34
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.41
2
1.08
17
Allen Electronegativity
1.85
8
1.03
39
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.67
99+
3.00
9
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
715.60 kJ/mol
31
589.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,450.50 kJ/mol
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,081.50 kJ/mol
23
4,912.40 kJ/mol
7
4th Energy Level
4,083.00 kJ/mol
35
6,491.00 kJ/mol
7
5th Energy Level
6,640.00 kJ/mol
20
8,153.00 kJ/mol
7
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,496.00 kJ/mol
8
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,270.00 kJ/mol
12
8th Energy Level
Not Available
14,206.00 kJ/mol
15
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,191.00 kJ/mol
12
10th Energy Level
Not Available
20,385.00 kJ/mol
16
11th Energy Level
Not Available
57,110.00 kJ/mol
3
12th Energy Level
Not Available
63,410.00 kJ/mol
3
13th Energy Level
Not Available
70,110.00 kJ/mol
3
14th Energy Level
Not Available
78,890.00 kJ/mol
4
15th Energy Level
Not Available
86,310.00 kJ/mol
5
16th Energy Level
Not Available
94,000.00 kJ/mol
6
17th Energy Level
Not Available
104,900.00 kJ/mol
7
18th Energy Level
Not Available
111,711.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.87 g/amp-hr
9
0.75 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.25 eV
21
2.87 eV
38
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
82
34
20
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
[Ar] 4s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Lead.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
82
34
20
99+
Number of Neutrons
125
19
20
99+
Number of Electrons
82
34
20
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
175.00 pm
19
197.00 pm
6
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm
38
176.00 pm
22
Van der Waals Radius
202.00 pm
27
231.00 pm
19
Atomic Weight
207.20 amu
30
40.08 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
18.17 cm3/mol
27
29.90 cm3/mol
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
24.20 (-eV)
99+
29.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
495.08 pm
16
558.84 pm
9
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.34 g/cm3
33
1.55 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.66 g/cm3
15
1.38 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
12.00 MPa
20
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
1.64 (Pa)
7
25.50 (Pa)
3
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
5.60 GPa
99+
7.40 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
46.00 GPa
24
17.00 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
16.00 GPa
99+
20.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.44
3
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.35
25
4.58
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
208.00 nΩ·m
16
33.60 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
36
0.30 106/cm Ω
6
Electron Affinity
35.10 kJ/mol
28
2.37 kJ/mol
39
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.63 J/(kg K)
7
Molar Heat Capacity
26.65 J/mol·K
26
25.93 J/mol·K
34
Thermal Conductivity
35.30 W/m·K
38
201.00 W/m·K
5
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
28.90 µm/(m·K)
13
22.30 µm/(m·K)
19
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
179.40 kJ/mol
99+
150.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.77 kJ/mol
99+
8.54 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
194.60 kJ/mol
99+
184.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.80 J/mol.K
17
41.60 J/mol.K
36
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