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Vanadium vs Calcium

Vanadium
Calcium
Calcium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Ca  
Group Number
5  
13
2  
16
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440702  
21
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
  • It is found in the compound state.
  • Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1808  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.01 %  
4
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
1.10 %  
4
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
5.00 %  
3
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
5
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
1.40 %  
1
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
  • Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
60.50 Blood/mg dm-3  
4
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
170,000.00 p.p.m.  
1
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
839.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
1,484.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
1.75  
18
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
170.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
3,810.00 m/s  
26
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.54  
35
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
60.00 %  
23
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Ca  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
0.95  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.04  
35
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.08  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.03  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
3.00  
9
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,145.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
4,912.40 kJ/mol  
7
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,491.00 kJ/mol  
15
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
8,153.00 kJ/mol  
11
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
10,496.00 kJ/mol  
14
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
12,270.00 kJ/mol  
12
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
14,206.00 kJ/mol  
15
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
18,191.00 kJ/mol  
12
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
20,385.00 kJ/mol  
16
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
57,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
63,410.00 kJ/mol  
9
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
70,110.00 kJ/mol  
3
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
78,890.00 kJ/mol  
4
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
86,310.00 kJ/mol  
11
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
94,000.00 kJ/mol  
6
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
104,900.00 kJ/mol  
7
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
111,711.00 kJ/mol  
8
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
590.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
590.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.75 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
2.87 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
20  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Ar] 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Calcium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
20  
99+
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
20  
99+
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
20  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
197.00 pm  
8
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
176.00 pm  
24
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
231.00 pm  
23
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
40.08 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
29.90 cm3/mol  
10
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Potassium
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Scandium
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
29.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
558.84 pm  
10
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.55  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
1.55 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
1.38 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
20.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
6
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
25.50 (Pa)  
3
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
7.40 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
17.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
20.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
4.58  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
33.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.30 106/cm Ω  
6
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
2.37 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.63 J/(kg K)  
7
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
25.93 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
201.00 W/m·K  
5
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
1,115.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
22.30 µm/(m·K)  
20
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
8.54 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
184.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
41.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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