1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74399877440451
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-7 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000009 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
2,617.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa210.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/molNA
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/molNA
104400
195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/molNA
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121900
121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/molNA
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127700
127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/molNA
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133800
133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/molNA
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139800
139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/molNA
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148100
148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/molNA
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154500
154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
139.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
154.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
95.95 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
314.70 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1