Symbol
Nd
  
W
  
Period Number
6
  
6
  
Block
f block
  
d block
  
Element Family
Lanthanide
  
Transition Metal
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
Im_ 3m
  
Interesting Facts
- Neodymium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Neodymium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
- Tungsten element has the second highest melting point.
- Pure tungsten can easily cut down with the help of hacksaw.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Auer von Welsbach
  
Not Available
  
Discovery
In 1885
  
In 1781
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %
  
24
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- Neodymium-Iron-boron alloy is used to make permanent magnets.
- It is used in microphones, Mp3 player, loudspeakers, mobile phones, etc.
  
- Tungsten and its alloys are used in high-temperature applications like welding electrodes, high-temperature furnace, etc.
- Tungsten carbide is very hard and used in metal working, mining and petroleum industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
NA
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
In Blood
Not Available
  
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
31
In Bone
Not Available
  
0.00 p.p.m.
  
35
Melting Point
1,010.00 °C
  
99+
Boiling Point
3,127.00 °C
  
28
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Grayish White
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
  
Brinell Hardness
2,000.00 MPa
  
4
Vickers Hardness
3,430.00 MPa
  
1
Speed of Sound
2,330.00 m/s
  
38
4,620.00 m/s
  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Nd
  
W
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol
  
99+
770.00 kJ/mol
  
16
2nd Energy Level
1,040.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,700.00 kJ/mol
  
29
3rd Energy Level
2,130.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
4th Energy Level
3,900.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.79 g/amp-hr
  
37
1.14 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f4 6s2
  
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Neodymium.jpg#100
  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
144.24 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
20.60 cm3/mol
  
18
9.53 cm3/mol
  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)
  
99+
140.00 (-eV)
  
5
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.01 g/cm3
  
99+
19.25 g/cm3
  
16
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA
  
Superconductor
  
Resistivity
52.80 nΩ·m
  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
  
99+
0.19 106/cm Ω
  
10
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
  
21
78.60 kJ/mol
  
13
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)
  
32
0.13 J/(kg K)
  
39
Molar Heat Capacity
27.45 J/mol·K
  
17
24.27 J/mol·K
  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.50 W/m·K
  
99+
173.00 W/m·K
  
7
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
9.60 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
4.50 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
273.00 kJ/mol
  
34
799.10 kJ/mol
  
1
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.14 kJ/mol
  
99+
35.23 kJ/mol
  
1
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.00 kJ/mol
  
32
837.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Standard Molar Entropy
71.50 J/mol.K
  
13
32.60 J/mol.K
  
99+