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Neodymium vs Hafnium

Neodymium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Neodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
-  
Hf  
Group Number
1  
17
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440008  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Neodymium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Neodymium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Auer von Welsbach  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1885  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Neodymium-Iron-boron alloy is used to make permanent magnets.
  • It is used in microphones, Mp3 player, loudspeakers, mobile phones, etc.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,010.00 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,127.00 °C  
29
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00  
3
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
265.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
345.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,330.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.64  
30
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
80.00 %  
7
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
-  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30  
9
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.14  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.14  
35
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.14  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.14  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.86  
13
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,130.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,331.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,360.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
53,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,331.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
536.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
533.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
5,331.00 kJ/mol  
27
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.79 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.20 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
60  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f4 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Neodymium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
60  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
60  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.00 pm  
15
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
201.00 pm  
10
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm  
25
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
144.24 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
20.60 cm3/mol  
28
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Praseodymium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Promethium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
365.80 pm  
33
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.01 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.89 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
101.00 (Pa)  
2
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.30 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
31.80 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
41.40 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
16
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.00  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
7
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
9
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
643.00 nΩ·m  
6
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
27.45 J/mol·K  
22
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.50 W/m·K  
99+
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,297.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
9.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
273.00 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.14 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
71.50 J/mol.K  
13
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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