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Neodymium vs Thorium

Neodymium
Thorium
Thorium vs Neodymium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nd   
Th   
Group Number
1   
17
0   
18
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440008   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Neodymium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Neodymium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Auer von Welsbach   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1885   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %   
24
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
30
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
20
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
30
0.00 %   
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Neodymium-Iron-boron alloy is used to make permanent magnets.
  • It is used in microphones, Mp3 player, loudspeakers, mobile phones, etc.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
Not Available   
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,010.00 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
3,127.00 °C   
28
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
265.00 MPa   
35
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
345.00 MPa   
27
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
2,330.00 m/s   
38
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nd   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.14   
99+
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07   
32
1.11   
29
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.86   
13
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
533.10 kJ/mol   
99+
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,040.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,130.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,900.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.79 g/amp-hr   
37
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
3.20 eV   
34
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
60   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f4 6s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Neodymium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
60   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
84   
40
142   
15
Number of Electrons
60   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.00 pm   
13
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
201.00 pm   
10
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
229.00 pm   
20
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
144.24 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
20.60 cm3/mol   
18
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Praseodymium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Promethium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
365.80 pm   
30
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61   
4
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.01 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.89 g/cm3   
36
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
101.00 (Pa)   
2
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
16.30 GPa   
38
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
31.80 GPa   
37
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
41.40 GPa   
40
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.28   
16
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.00   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
643.00 nΩ·m   
6
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.45 J/mol·K   
17
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
16.50 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
273.00 kJ/mol   
34
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.14 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
322.00 kJ/mol   
32
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
71.50 J/mol.K   
13
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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