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Niobium vs Beryllium

Niobium
Beryllium
Beryllium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Be  
Group Number
5  
13
2  
16
Period Number
5  
2  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440417  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1797  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,278.00 °C  
36
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
2,970.00 °C  
33
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
White Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
590.00 MPa  
25
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
1,670.00 MPa  
9
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
12,890.00 m/s  
2
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.56  
34
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Be  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.57  
25
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.81  
15
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.47  
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.54  
24
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.58  
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.43  
30
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.98 eV  
10
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
4  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[He] 2s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
4  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
5  
99+
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
4  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
112.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
96.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
153.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
9.01 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Lithium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Sodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
82.00 (-eV)  
15
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
228.58 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.57  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
287.00 MPa  
16
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
17
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
20
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
132.00 GPa  
7
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
130.00 GPa  
13
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
287.00 GPa  
7
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.03  
36
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
1.85  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
200.00 W/m·K  
6
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,551.00 K  
39
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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