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Niobium vs Erbium

Niobium
Erbium
Erbium vs Niobium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb  
Er  
Group Number
5  
13
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440031  
99+
7440520  
35
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett  
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1842  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
25
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Mildly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
25
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C  
6
1,522.00 °C  
28
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C  
99+
2,510.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa  
15
814.00 MPa  
12
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa  
19
589.00 MPa  
30
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s  
31
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.30  
8
1.76  
24
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Nb  
Er  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
17  
22
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60  
24
1.24  
37
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42  
20
1.24  
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.60  
22
1.24  
36
Allen Electronegativity
1.41  
35
1.24  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40  
31
2.76  
18
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
691.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
65,200.00 kJ/mol  
35
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,520.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
38
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
22nd Energy Level
694.00 kJ/mol  
30
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
4,490.00 kJ/mol  
30
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
33
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
34
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
35
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
40
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
652.00 kJ/mol  
37
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
5.93 eV  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
41  
99+
68  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1  
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
41  
99+
68  
99+
Number of Neutrons
52  
99+
99  
34
Number of Electrons
41  
99+
68  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm  
37
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm  
30
189.00 pm  
19
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu  
99+
167.26 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol  
99+
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zirconium
  
Holmium
  
Next Element
Molybdenum
  
Thulium
  
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)  
8
49.00 (-eV)  
30
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm  
99+
355.88 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.47  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.57 g/cm3  
99+
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
350.00 MPa  
12
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
21
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
36
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa  
20
28.30 GPa  
31
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa  
10
44.40 GPa  
31
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa  
22
69.90 GPa  
31
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.24  
28
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.57  
99+
9.07  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
4
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
30
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m  
23
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
33
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol  
14
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)  
20
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K  
99+
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K  
29
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,750.00 K  
7
1,802.00 K  
30
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol  
5
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol  
6
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol  
4
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K  
99+
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
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