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Erbium vs Niobium

Erbium
Niobium
Niobium vs Erbium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Er   
Nb   
Group Number
Not Available   
5   
13
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440520   
35
7440031   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
  • Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
  • Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
  
Sources
Mining   
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander   
Charles Hatchett   
Discovery
In 1842   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
32
0.00 %   
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
36
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
  • Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
  • It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic   
Low Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
25
In Bone
Not Available   
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C   
28
2,468.00 °C   
6
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C   
99+
2,468.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
6.00   
6
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa   
11
735.00 MPa   
14
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa   
19
870.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s   
28
3,480.00 m/s   
21
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Er   
Nb   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
31   
8
17   
22
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.24   
36
1.60   
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.42   
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.23   
25
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.41   
31
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.76   
18
2.40   
31
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol   
99+
652.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
3,700.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,877.00 kJ/mol   
36
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,847.00 kJ/mol   
11
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,100.00 kJ/mol   
14
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr   
28
0.69 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
68   
99+
41   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2   
[Kr] 4d4 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
68   
99+
41   
99+
Number of Neutrons
99   
33
52   
99+
Number of Electrons
68   
99+
41   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
146.00 pm   
35
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm   
19
164.00 pm   
28
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu   
99+
92.91 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol   
25
10.87 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Holmium
  
Zirconium
  
Next Element
Thulium
  
Molybdenum
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)   
29
104.00 (-eV)   
8
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm   
39
330.04 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm3   
99+
8.57 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm3   
23
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
330.00 MPa   
12
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
20
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
27
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa   
25
38.00 GPa   
19
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa   
27
170.00 GPa   
10
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa   
29
105.00 GPa   
20
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
28
0.40   
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.07   
32
8.57   
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m   
99+
152.00 nΩ·m   
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
28
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
86.10 kJ/mol   
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)   
34
0.26 J/(kg K)   
20
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K   
11
24.60 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K   
99+
53.70 W/m·K   
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)   
31
7.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol   
35
696.60 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol   
15
27.20 kJ/mol   
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol   
33
745.00 kJ/mol   
4
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K   
11
36.40 J/mol.K   
99+
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