Niobium vs Potassium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Nb
K
Group Number
5
13
1
17
Period Number
5
4
Block
d block
s block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Alkali
CAS Number
7440031
99+
7440097
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
229.00
1
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
- In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
- Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
Sources
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Charles Hatchett
Humphry Davy
Discovery
In 1801
In 1807
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
23
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
35
0.07 %
9
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
25
1.50 %
6
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.04 %
3
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.20 %
2
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
- Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
- Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Low Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3
2
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
2,100.00 p.p.m.
3
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,468.00 °C
6
63.65 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,468.00 °C
99+
774.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.00
6
0.40
23
Brinell Hardness
735.00 MPa
14
0.36 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
870.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Speed of Sound
3,480.00 m/s
21
2,000.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Nb
K
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
17
22
20
19
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.60
23
0.82
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.42
16
0.45
31
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23
25
0.91
39
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
0.73
23
Allen Electronegativity
1.41
31
0.73
99+
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.40
31
3.18
3
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
418.80 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,052.00 kJ/mol
5
3rd Energy Level
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,420.00 kJ/mol
8
4th Energy Level
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5,877.00 kJ/mol
9
5th Energy Level
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
7,975.00 kJ/mol
8
6th Energy Level
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
9,590.00 kJ/mol
13
7th Energy level
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
11,343.00 kJ/mol
17
8th Energy Level
Not Available
14,944.00 kJ/mol
13
9th Energy Level
Not Available
16,963.70 kJ/mol
15
10th Energy Level
Not Available
48,610.00 kJ/mol
3
11th Energy Level
Not Available
54,490.00 kJ/mol
4
12th Energy Level
Not Available
60,730.00 kJ/mol
4
13th Energy Level
Not Available
68,950.00 kJ/mol
4
14th Energy Level
Not Available
75,900.00 kJ/mol
5
15th Energy Level
Not Available
83,080.00 kJ/mol
6
16th Energy Level
Not Available
93,400.00 kJ/mol
7
17th Energy Level
Not Available
99,710.00 kJ/mol
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
1.46 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
2.30 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
41
99+
19
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
[Ar] 4s1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
41
99+
19
99+
Number of Neutrons
52
99+
20
99+
Number of Electrons
41
99+
19
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
146.00 pm
35
227.00 pm
3
Covalent Radius
164.00 pm
28
203.00 pm
9
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
275.00 pm
5
Atomic Weight
92.91 amu
99+
39.10 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
45.46 cm3/mol
3
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
104.00 (-eV)
8
10.40 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
330.04 pm
99+
532.80 pm
12
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
8.57 g/cm3
99+
0.86 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
0.83 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa
12
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
27
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
38.00 GPa
19
1.30 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
170.00 GPa
10
3.10 GPa
99+
Young's Modulus
105.00 GPa
20
3.53 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40
4
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
8.57
37
0.86
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
152.00 nΩ·m
23
72.00 nΩ·m
37
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
0.14 106/cm Ω
14
Electron Affinity
86.10 kJ/mol
12
48.40 kJ/mol
22
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
0.75 J/(kg K)
6
Molar Heat Capacity
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
29.60 J/mol·K
6
Thermal Conductivity
53.70 W/m·K
29
102.50 W/m·K
15
Critical Temperature
Not Available
2,223.00 K
3
Thermal Expansion
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
83.30 µm/(m·K)
3
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
696.60 kJ/mol
4
77.50 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.20 kJ/mol
6
2.32 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
745.00 kJ/mol
4
89.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
64.70 J/mol.K
18
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