Palladium

Copernicium

Palladium Copernicium Comparison

Palladium

Copernicium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1012

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

744005354084263

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Not Available

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00NA

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)

In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.

Palladium element is known as a good catalyst

Not Available

2.2 Sources

Ores of metals

Synthetically Produced

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Hyde Wollaston

Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1803

In 1996

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2 * 10^-7 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000003 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NANA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.

Currently known uses of Copernicium metal are limited to research purpose only.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery

Research Purposes

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Unknown

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NANA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NANA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,554.90 °CNA

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,963.00 °CNA

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Unknown

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

Unknown Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

4.75NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

320.00 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

121.00 MPaNA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,070.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

1.72NA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

84.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

381

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.20NA

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NANA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.35NA

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.59NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.80NA

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

520.23 kJ/mol1,154.90 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

7,298.22 kJ/mol2,170.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

11,815.13 kJ/mol4,245.40 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA5,499.70 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.99 g/amp-hrNA

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.12 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

46112

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹⁰

[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

46112

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

60NA

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

46112

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

137.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm122.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

163.00 pmNA

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

106.42 amu285.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

8.90 cm3/molNA

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

33.00 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

389.07 pmNA

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

12.02 g/cm³23.70 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.38 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

44.00 GPaNA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

180.00 GPaNA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

121.00 GPaNA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.39NA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable, Weldable

Unknown

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

12.02NA

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Unknown

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

Unknown

8.2.2 Resistivity

105.40 nΩ·mNA

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.10 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

54.23 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.24 J/(kg K)NA

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.98 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

71.80 W/m·KNA

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

11.80 µm/(m·K)NA

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

376.60 kJ/molNA

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

16.74 kJ/molNA

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

393.30 kJ/molNA

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

37.60 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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