Symbol
Pd
Hg
Group Number
1012
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
56
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74400537439976
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00166.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
Sources
Ores of metals
Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston
Ancient Chinese and Indians
Discovery
In 1803
Before 2000 BCE
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.09 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.05 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
--
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Dentistry
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.45 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C-38.83 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C356.58 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Liquid
Color
Silver
Silver
Luster
Metallic
-
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.751.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa5.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa0.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s1,451.40 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.721.00
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
84.00 %73.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Pd
Hg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3834
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
2.202.00
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.202.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.351.44
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.201.81
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.591.44
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
1.802.00
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol1,810.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol3,300.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol100,700.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr3.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV4.49 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
4680
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4680
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
60121
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4680
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm151.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm132.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm155.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu200.59 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol14.82 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)28.20 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm300.50 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
-
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.560.42
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm313.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm313.55 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa15.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa30.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa25.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa45.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.390.44
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
12.0213.53
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m961.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K27.98 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K8.30 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K1,750.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)60.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol56.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol2.29 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol61.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K75.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻