Palladium

Niobium

Palladium vs Niobium

Palladium

Niobium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

105

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74400537440031

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

Im_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

225.00229.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)

In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.

Palladium element is known as a good catalyst

Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).

2.2 Sources

Ores of metals

By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

William Hyde Wollaston

Charles Hatchett

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1803

In 1801

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

2 * 10^-7 %2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.0000003 %~0.0000004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

NA0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.

Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.

It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry

Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

Low Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NA0.07 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,554.90 °C2,468.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,963.00 °C2,468.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silver

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

4.756.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

320.00 MPa735.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

121.00 MPa870.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

3,070.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

1.72NA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

84.00 %NA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

3817

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

2.201.60

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA1.42

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.351.23

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.591.41

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

1.802.40

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

520.23 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

7,298.22 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

11,815.13 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

NA3,700.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA4,877.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA9,847.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA12,100.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

1.99 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

5.12 eV4.30 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

4641

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Kr] 4d¹⁰

[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹

6.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

4641

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

6052

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

4641

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

137.00 pm146.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

139.00 pm164.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

163.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

106.42 amu92.91 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

8.90 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

33.00 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

389.07 pm330.04 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

12.02 g/cm³8.57 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

10.38 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA330.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

44.00 GPa38.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

180.00 GPa170.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

121.00 GPa105.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.390.40

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable, Weldable

Ductile, Malleable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

12.028.57

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

105.40 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.10 10⁶/cm Ω0.07 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

54.23 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.24 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.98 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

71.80 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

11.80 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

376.60 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

16.74 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

393.30 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

37.60 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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