1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74400867440188
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
- Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
- Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
2.2 Sources
Mining, Ores of metals
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie
Karl Ernst Claus
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %~0.0000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites
2.6.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.1.1 Abundance In Oceans
3.1.2 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
- A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
254.00 °C2,250.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
962.00 °C3,900.00 °C
147
5660
5.4 Appearance
5.4.1 Physical State
5.4.2 Color
5.4.4 Luster
5.5 Hardness
5.5.1 Mohs Hardness
5.5.3 Brinell Hardness
5.6.1 Vickers Hardness
5.8 Speed of Sound
5.11 Optical Properties
5.11.1 Refractive Index
5.11.2 Reflectivity
5.13 Allotropes
5.13.1 α Allotropes
5.13.2 β Allotropes
5.13.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.5 Electronegativity
6.5.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.1.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.1.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.2.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.3.1 Allen Electronegativity
7.5 Electropositivity
7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.6 Ionization Energies
7.6.1 1st Energy Level
812.10 kJ/mol710.20 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.7.2 2nd Energy Level
NA710.22 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.7.3 3rd Energy Level
NA2,747.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.7.5 4th Energy Level
7.7.7 5th Energy Level
7.8.1 6th Energy Level
8.1.2 7th Energy level
8.1.5 8th Energy Level
8.1.6 9th Energy Level
8.1.8 10th Energy Level
8.2.3 11th Energy Level
8.2.5 12th Energy Level
8.2.7 13th Energy Level
9.1.1 14th Energy Level
9.1.2 15th Energy Level
9.2.1 16th Energy Level
9.3.1 17th Energy Level
9.4.1 18th Energy Level
9.4.2 19th Energy Level
9.5.1 20th Energy Level
9.5.2 21st Energy Level
9.6.2 22nd Energy Level
9.6.4 23rd Energy Level
9.6.5 24th Energy Level
9.6.7 25th Energy Level
9.6.8 26th Energy Level
9.6.9 27th Energy Level
9.7.1 28th Energy Level
9.7.2 29th Energy Level
9.7.3 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.90 g/amp-hr1.26 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
10.3 Crystal Structure
Monoclinic (MON)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
168.00 pm134.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
140.00 pm146.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
197.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
209.00 amu101.07 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
22.23 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
10.10 Lattice Constant
335.90 pm270.59 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
9.20 g/cm312.45 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.40 g/cm310.65 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
0.40 nΩ·m71.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
183.30 kJ/mol101.30 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.40 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
20.00 W/m·K117.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
23.50 µm/(m·K)6.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
60.30 kJ/mol567.80 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
13.00 kJ/mol25.50 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
134.00 kJ/mol603.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
NA28.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1