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Promethium vs Palladium

Promethium
Palladium
Palladium vs Promethium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pm  
Pd  
Group Number
3  
15
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Lanthanide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440122  
99+
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1942  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
-  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,042.00 °C  
99+
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
3,000.00 °C  
32
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
-  
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
400.00 MPa  
34
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.70  
27
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pm  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
27  
12
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.13  
36
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.07  
33
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.13  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.20  
39
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
5.30 eV  
5
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
61  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
61  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
84  
99+
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
61  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
183.00 pm  
12
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
199.00 pm  
12
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
236.00 pm  
20
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
145.00 amu  
99+
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Neodymium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Samarium
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.10 (-eV)  
40
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
-  
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
31
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa  
99+
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
33.00 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
46.00 GPa  
99+
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
17
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.26  
99+
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
25
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
1,315.00 K  
99+
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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