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Radium Thulium Comparison

Radium
Thulium
Thulium Radium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ra  
Tm  
Group Number
2  
16
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440144  
99+
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Mining, Ores of metals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1898  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
700.00 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
1,737.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.00  
22
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
700.00 MPa  
17
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
140.00 MPa  
99+
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
3,150.00 m/s  
37
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ra  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
33  
6
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.97  
39
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.92  
99+
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.10  
5
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,093.00 kJ/mol  
27
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
50,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,090.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
509.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
88  
30
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 7s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
88  
30
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
138  
17
100  
33
Number of Electrons
88  
30
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
215.00 pm  
6
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
221.00 pm  
3
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
283.00 pm  
5
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
226.00 amu  
26
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
45.20 cm3/mol  
5
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Francium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Actinium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
514.80 pm  
15
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
40.00 MPa  
99+
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
2
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.00 GPa  
38
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
83.00 GPa  
25
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.00  
99+
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Nonmagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
18
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.90 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
20.05 J/mol·K  
99+
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
973.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.60 kJ/mol  
99+
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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