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Thulium vs Cobalt

Thulium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Co   
Group Number
Not Available   
9   
9
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
Not Available   
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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