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Cobalt vs Thulium

Cobalt
Thulium
Thulium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Tm  
Group Number
9  
9
Not Available  
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
1 * 10-8 %  
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.00000002 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
NA  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Unknown  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
Not Available  
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
27
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
34
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
26
471.00 MPa  
25
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
11
520.00 MPa  
21
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
14
Not Available  
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
11
Not Available  
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
12
1.25  
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
5
1.11  
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
10
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
31
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
19
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
33
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
Not Available  
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
Not Available  
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
Not Available  
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
Not Available  
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
Not Available  
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
Not Available  
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.10 g/amp-hr  
26
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
5
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22  
99+
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
100  
32
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
34
176.00 pm  
18
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
30
160.00 pm  
30
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
Not Available  
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
18.10 cm3/mol  
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
49.70 (-eV)  
28
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
353.75 pm  
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.57  
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
9.32 g/cm3  
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
8.56 g/cm3  
24
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
9
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
30.50 GPa  
22
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
44.50 GPa  
26
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
18
74.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.21  
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
9.32  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
37
50.00 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.16 J/(kg K)  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
27.03 J/mol·K  
22
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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