Home
 Compare Metals

Rubidium Hafnium Comparison

Rubidium
Hafnium
Hafnium Rubidium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb  
Hf  
Group Number
1  
17
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440177  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
  • Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
18
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
7
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
8
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
  • Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3  
7
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.  
13
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
38.89 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
688.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Grayish White  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.30  
26
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
0.22 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.54  
35
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
52.00 %  
29
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Rb  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
29  
10
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89  
99+
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.71  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol  
6
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol  
11
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol  
28
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol  
6
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
40,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,030.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr  
16
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
37  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
37  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
48  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
37  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm  
3
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm  
4
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm  
4
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol  
3
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Gallium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Strontium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm  
11
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
28
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
30.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
35
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.53  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m  
26
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω  
29
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol  
29
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)  
17
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K  
7
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K  
26
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K  
18
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)  
2
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K  
5
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
<< Thermal

Compare Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

» More Alkali Metals

Compare Alkali Metals

» More Compare Alkali Metals
Home | About | Contact | Disclaimer | Terms of use
© A softusvista inc. venture!