1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74401777440031
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
2.2 Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Charles Hatchett
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.0.07 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
38.89 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
688.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
248.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
220.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
85.47 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
558.50 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1