1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
2.2 Block
2.3 Element Family
2.4 CAS Number
74401777440031
7429905
54386242
2.5 Space Group Name
2.6 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
3.2 Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Charles Hatchett
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
4.2.4 Abundance In Meteorites
4.2.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.1.2 Abundance In Oceans
5.2.1 Abundance In Humans
7 Uses
7.1 Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
7.1.1 Industrial Uses
NA
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
7.1.2 Medical Uses
7.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys
7.2 Biological Properties
7.2.1 Toxicity
7.2.2 Present in Human Body
7.4.2 In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
7.5.1 In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.0.07 p.p.m.
0
170000
8 Physical
8.1 Melting Point
38.89 °C2,468.00 °C
27
3410
8.3 Boiling Point
688.00 °C2,468.00 °C
147
5660
8.5 Appearance
8.5.1 Physical State
8.5.2 Color
8.5.3 Luster
8.6 Hardness
8.6.1 Mohs Hardness
8.8.2 Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa735.00 MPa
0.14
3490
9.2.2 Vickers Hardness
9.4 Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s3,480.00 m/s
818
16200
9.6 Optical Properties
9.6.1 Refractive Index
9.6.3 Reflectivity
9.7 Allotropes
9.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
9.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
10 Chemical
10.1 Chemical Formula
10.2 Isotopes
10.2.1 Known Isotopes
10.3 Electronegativity
10.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
10.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
10.5.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
10.5.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
10.6.3 Allen Electronegativity
10.7 Electropositivity
10.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
10.8 Ionization Energies
10.8.1 1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol652.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
10.8.3 2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol1,380.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
10.8.5 3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol2,416.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
10.8.7 4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol3,700.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
10.8.9 5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol4,877.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
10.8.11 6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol9,847.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
10.8.13 7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol12,100.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
10.8.15 8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
10.8.16 9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
10.8.18 10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
10.8.20 11th Energy Level
10.8.22 12th Energy Level
10.8.24 13th Energy Level
10.8.26 14th Energy Level
10.8.28 15th Energy Level
10.8.30 16th Energy Level
10.8.32 17th Energy Level
10.8.34 18th Energy Level
10.8.36 19th Energy Level
10.8.38 20th Energy Level
10.8.40 21st Energy Level
10.8.42 22nd Energy Level
10.8.44 23rd Energy Level
10.8.46 24th Energy Level
10.8.47 25th Energy Level
10.8.49 26th Energy Level
10.8.50 27th Energy Level
10.8.52 28th Energy Level
10.8.54 29th Energy Level
10.8.56 30th Energy Level
10.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr0.69 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
10.12 Electron Work Function
11.2 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
12 Atomic
12.1 Atomic Number
12.2 Electron Configuration
12.4 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
12.5.1 Crystal Lattice
12.6 Atom
12.6.1 Number of Protons
12.7.2 Number of Neutrons
12.7.4 Number of Electrons
12.8 Radius of an Atom
12.8.1 Atomic Radius
248.00 pm146.00 pm
112
265
12.9.2 Covalent Radius
220.00 pm164.00 pm
96
260
12.9.4 Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
12.10 Atomic Weight
85.47 amu92.91 amu
6.94
294
12.12 Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol10.87 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.14.1 Previous Element
12.14.2 Next Element
12.15 Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)104.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.16 Lattice Constant
558.50 pm330.04 pm
228.58
891.25
12.19 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.20 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm38.57 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
14.2 Tensile Strength
14.3 Viscosity
14.4 Vapor Pressure
14.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
14.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
14.8 Elasticity properties
14.8.1 Shear Modulus
14.8.3 Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa170.00 GPa
1.6
462
14.9.2 Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa105.00 GPa
1.7
528
14.10 Poisson Ratio
14.11 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
15.1.4 Permeability
15.1.5 Susceptibility
15.3 Electrical Properties
15.3.1 Electrical Property
15.3.2 Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m152.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.1.6 Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol86.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)0.26 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K24.60 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K53.70 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
18.2 Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)7.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
18.4 Enthalpy
18.4.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol696.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
18.5.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol27.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
18.6.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol745.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
18.8 Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K36.40 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1