Rubidium Thulium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Rb
Tm
Group Number
1
17
Not Available
Period Number
5
6
Block
s block
f block
Element Family
Alkali
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440177
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Rubidium metal is 16th most common element found in the earth crust.
- Rubidium metal also found in minerals as well as seawater.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Obtained from Lithium Production.
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1861
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~0.000003 %
17
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
19
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
18
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
7
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
7
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Rubidium's main application is in the glass manufacturing.
- Rubidium can very easily get ionized and hence it is used for ion engines, but it is still less efficient than that of Caesium.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Research Purposes
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Unknown
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
2.49 Blood/mg dm-3
7
Not Available
In Bone
5.00 p.p.m.
13
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
38.89 °C
99+
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
688.00 °C
99+
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Grayish White
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.30
24
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
0.22 MPa
99+
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
1,300.00 m/s
99+
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Rb
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
29
10
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82
99+
1.25
35
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.31
32
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.89
40
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.69
24
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.71
99+
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18
3
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
403.00 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
2,633.00 kJ/mol
6
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,860.00 kJ/mol
11
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,080.00 kJ/mol
18
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
5th Energy Level
6,850.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
6th Energy Level
8,140.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
7th Energy level
9,570.00 kJ/mol
20
Not Available
8th Energy Level
13,120.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,500.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,740.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.19 g/amp-hr
14
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
2.16 eV
99+
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
37
99+
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 5s1
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
37
99+
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
48
99+
100
32
Number of Electrons
37
99+
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
248.00 pm
2
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
220.00 pm
4
160.00 pm
30
Van der Waals Radius
303.00 pm
3
Not Available
Atomic Weight
85.47 amu
99+
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
55.90 cm3/mol
2
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.47 (-eV)
99+
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
558.50 pm
10
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.53 g/cm3
99+
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.46 g/cm3
99+
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.06 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
2.50 GPa
99+
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
2.40 GPa
99+
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
1.53
99+
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
128.00 nΩ·m
26
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
24
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
46.90 kJ/mol
24
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.36 J/(kg K)
17
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
31.06 J/mol·K
5
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
58.20 W/m·K
26
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,093.00 K
4
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
90.00 µm/(m·K)
2
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
69.20 kJ/mol
99+
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.19 kJ/mol
99+
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
82.00 kJ/mol
99+
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
76.80 J/mol.K
5
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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