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Ruthenium vs Erbium

Ruthenium
Erbium
Erbium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Er  
Group Number
8  
10
3  
15
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440520  
35
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
  • Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Carl Gustaf Mosander  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1842  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
32
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
  • Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Mildly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
1,522.00 °C  
28
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,510.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
1.00  
22
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
814.00 MPa  
12
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
589.00 MPa  
30
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,830.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.76  
24
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
36.00 %  
33
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Er  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
31  
8
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.24  
37
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.24  
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.24  
36
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.24  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.76  
18
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,194.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,240.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5,897.00 kJ/mol  
19
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
589.30 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
589.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.08 g/amp-hr  
32
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
5.93 eV  
2
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
68  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f12 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Erbium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
68  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
99  
34
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
68  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
189.00 pm  
19
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
167.26 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
18.40 cm3/mol  
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Holmium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Thulium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
49.00 (-eV)  
30
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
355.88 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
9.07 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
8.86 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
350.00 MPa  
12
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
21
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
28.30 GPa  
31
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
44.40 GPa  
31
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
69.90 GPa  
31
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.24  
28
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
9.07  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
11
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
0.86 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.17 J/(kg K)  
35
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
28.12 J/mol·K  
14
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
14.50 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,802.00 K  
30
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
12.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
261.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
17.20 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
314.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
73.10 J/mol.K  
11
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