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Ruthenium vs Hafnium

Ruthenium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Hf  
Group Number
8  
10
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %  
20
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %  
22
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available  
1,520.00 MPa  
5
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
4
3,010.00 m/s  
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.30  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
18
1.23  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
25
1.16  
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
37
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
9
3.90 eV  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
106  
29
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
38
175.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
11
1.58  
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
27
13.31 g/cm3  
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
16
12.00 g/cm3  
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
445.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
30.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
78.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
19
13.31  
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.03 106/cm Ω  
39
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
10
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.14 J/(kg K)  
37
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
10
661.10 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
9
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
34
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