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Ruthenium vs Hafnium

Ruthenium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Hf  
Group Number
8  
10
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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