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Hafnium vs Ruthenium

Hafnium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Ru  
Group Number
4  
14
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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