Symbol
Ru
  
In
  
Period Number
5
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
I4/mmm
  
Interesting Facts
- Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
- Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining
  
Mining, Ores of metals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus
  
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
  
Discovery
In 1844
  
In 1863
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %
  
22
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Uses & Benefits
- It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
- Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
  
Medical Uses
Medical Research
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
No
  
Yes
  
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C
  
14
2,000.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silvery White
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa
  
3
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s
  
4
1,215.00 m/s
  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Ru
  
In
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol
  
32
558.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol
  
99+
1,820.70 kJ/mol
  
18
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol
  
37
2,704.00 kJ/mol
  
39
4th Energy Level
Not Available
  
5,210.00 kJ/mol
  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.43 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1
  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Tetragonal (TETR)
  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100
  
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu
  
99+
114.82 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol
  
99+
15.70 cm3/mol
  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)
  
22
54.00 (-eV)
  
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3
  
27
7.31 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3
  
16
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor
  
Conductor
  
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
  
16
0.12 106/cm Ω
  
17
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol
  
10
28.90 kJ/mol
  
31
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)
  
24
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K
  
99+
26.74 J/mol·K
  
25
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K
  
13
81.80 W/m·K
  
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
32.10 µm/(m·K)
  
9
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol
  
10
226.40 kJ/mol
  
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol
  
7
3.28 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol
  
9
242.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K
  
99+
57.80 J/mol.K
  
22