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Ruthenium vs Indium

Ruthenium
Indium
Indium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru   
In   
Group Number
8   
10
13   
5
Period Number
5   
5   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440188   
99+
7440746   
17
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
I4/mmm   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
139.00   
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
  • Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus   
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter   
Discovery
In 1844   
In 1863   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
4 * 10-7 %   
20
3 * 10-8 %   
28
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000005 %   
22
~0.0000004 %   
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
26
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
  • Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C   
8
156.61 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C   
14
2,000.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50   
5
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa   
3
8.80 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s   
4
1,215.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ru   
In   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.78   
16
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.14   
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42   
18
1.49   
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.76   
10
Allen Electronegativity
1.54   
25
1.66   
18
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.22   
38
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol   
32
558.30 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol   
99+
1,820.70 kJ/mol   
18
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol   
37
2,704.00 kJ/mol   
39
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,210.00 kJ/mol   
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.43 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV   
9
4.12 eV   
24
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
44   
99+
49   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100   
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44   
99+
49   
99+
Number of Neutrons
57   
99+
66   
99+
Number of Electrons
44   
99+
49   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
167.00 pm   
24
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm   
38
142.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
193.00 pm   
31
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu   
99+
114.82 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol   
99+
15.70 cm3/mol   
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Cadmium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Tin
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)   
22
54.00 (-eV)   
25
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm   
99+
325.23 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
11
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3   
27
7.31 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3   
16
7.02 g/cm3   
33
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
2.50 MPa   
21
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.01 (Pa)   
11
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
23
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa   
4
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa   
7
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa   
3
11.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30   
14
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45   
19
7.31   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m   
38
83.70 nΩ·m   
34
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
16
0.12 106/cm Ω   
17
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol   
10
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)   
24
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.74 J/mol·K   
25
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K   
13
81.80 W/m·K   
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
32.10 µm/(m·K)   
9
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol   
10
226.40 kJ/mol   
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol   
7
3.28 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol   
9
242.70 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K   
99+
57.80 J/mol.K   
22
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